Publikationen 2010

Cloud-Computing ist ein aktuelles Schlagwort in der Informationstechnik, das auch an der öffentlichen Verwaltung nicht vorbeigeht. Allerdings sind hier besondere Bedingungen wie die Sensibilität der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten, Kontrolle und Sicherheit zu beachten, wie sie für die öffentlichen Aufgaben gegeben sind. Die vorliegende Studie fasst mit Stand November 2010 perspektivisch kooperatives eGovernments unter dem Blickwinkel der in der Öffentlichkeit viel diskutierten Charakteristiken des Cloud-Computing zusammen. Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Offene Kommunikationssysteme und die Hertie School of Governance haben neben der begrifflichen Eingrenzung des Cloud-Computing durch Fragebögen, Workshops und Recherchen die Rahmenbedingungen festgelegt, Risiken aufgezeigt und Gestaltungsoptionen diskutiert.

The EU Services Directive (EU-SD), which was passed in December 2006, should simplify access to the services market in all Member States of the European Union and eliminate bureaucratic barriers for Service Providers. This chapter presents an overview of the major functional components and processes that are necessary to implement and run the EU-SD between all stakeholders such as Service Providers, newly introduced Points of Single Contact and Responsible Public Authorities, based on a general framework for federated enterprise SOA. Especially in Germany, consisting of federated and autonomous federal states, but equally between different Member States, interoperability between different components is one of the major challenges of the EU-SD. This chapter elaborates on the interoperabilit y aspect of data/document exchange between the stakeholders, using a secure "call by reference" concept that is implemented by an Electronic Safe, together with appropriate concepts for identity and access management.

Carneades is both a mathematical model of argumentation and a software toolbox providing support for argument evaluation, construction and visualization. Here we present an overview of the current version of the Carneades toolbox, explaining how the tools can be used to support argumentation tasks and providing some technical information about how they have been implemented.

Die Entscheidungen bei der Auswahl bestimmter IT-Lösungen sollen durch diese Studie strukturierter und nachvollziehbarer gemacht werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der strategischen IT-Ziele der Berliner Verwaltung sind somit klare Richtlinien entstanden, die helfen sollen, die IT-Landschaft in Berlin zu harmonisieren und den Entscheidungsspielraum der dezentralen Bereiche (Bezirke, Ressorts, Ämter) bei der Softwarebeschaffung zu erhalten.

Neue Medien wurden immer wieder auf ihre Potentiale und Risiken hin für die Verwendung in und durch die öffentliche Verwaltung in Partizipationsprozessen untersucht. Aktuell finden die Möglichkeiten der sogenannten sozialen Medien große Beachtung. Diese auch unter dem Schlagwort Web 2.0 zusammengefassten Anwendungen im Internet unterstützen die einfache Verbreitung von Inhalten und deren Bewertung durch Jedermann sowie die Zusammenarbeit entfernt voneinander arbeitender Personen. Die Funktionen dieser Medien können auch in der öffentlichen Verwaltung die Kooperation und Partizipation verschiedener Gruppen vereinfachen. Die existierenden Erfahrungen mit Ansätzen partizipativer und kooperativer Verwaltung bilden die Grundlage für die nachfolgende Diskussion der Potentiale und Risiken des Einsatzes sozialer Medien in der öffentlichen Verwaltung und der kritischen Untersuchung des Open Government-Ansatzes anhand des Projektes ,Peer To Patent" zur kooperativen Erbringung von Dienstleistungen des US Patentamts.

Carneades is a rather general framework for argumentation. Unlike many other approaches, Carneades captures a number of aspects, like proof burdens, proof standards etc., which are of central importance, in particular in legal argu- mentation. In this paper we show how Carneades argument evaluation structures can be reconstructed as abstract dialectical frameworks (ADFs), a recently proposed generalization of Dung argumentation frameworks (AFs). This not only provides at least an indirect link between Carneades and AFs, it also allows us to handle arbitrary argument cycles, thus lifting a restriction of Carneades. At the same time it provides strong evidence for the usefulness of ADFs as analytical/semantical tools in argumentation.

Das Thema Bürokratieabbau im Verwaltungsvollzug wird zunehmend zum Gegenstand von E-Government-Strategien. Vorgestellt wird ein Konzept, mit dem Unternehmen effizient mit einem regelbasierten Informationssystem ihren rechtlich vorgeschriebenen Meldungen an öffentliche Stellen nachkommen kön¬nen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem interdisziplinär ausgerichteten Projekt, in dem der Lösungsvorschlag für eine B2G-Prozessketten-Infrastruktur unter Berücksichtigung der organisatorischen, technischen, wirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Machbarkeitsaspekte im Auftrag des Bundesministerium des Innern entwickelt wurde. Der Lösungsvorschlag FRESKO-Prozessor vereinfacht die Kommunikation zwischen Unternehmen unabhängig von ihrer Größe und öffentlichen Stel¬len und bietet für beide Seiten Vorteil e, ohne in die Datenautonomie der Unternehmen einzugreifen. Wenn die geplanten Transferaktivitäten greifen, könnte künftig bei der Abwicklung von Informationspflichten auf Vorratsdatenhaltung verzichtet und ein innovativer Weg in Richtung No-Stop-Government beschritten werden.

When argumentation is conceived as a kind of process, typically a dialogue, for reasoning rationally with limited resources under conditions of incomplete and inconsistent information, arguers need heuristics for controlling the search for arguments to put foward, so as to move from stage to stage in the process in an efficient, goal-directed way. For this purpose, we have developed a formal model of abduction in argument evalution structures. An argument evaluation structure consists of the arguments of a stage, assumptions about audience and an assignment of proof standards to issues. A derivability relation is defined over argument evaluation structures for the literals in a stage. Literals which are not derivable in a stage are out. Abduction is defined as a relation between an argument evaluation structure and sets of literals, called positions, which, when the assumptions are revised to include the literals of the position, would make a goal literal in or out, depending of the standpoint of the agent. Soundness, minimiality, consistency and completeness properties of the abduction relation are proven. A heuristic cost function estimating how difficult it is to find or construct arguments pro a literal in the domain can be used to order positions and literals within positions. We compare our work to abduction in propositional logic, in particular the Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS).

This paper presents a technique with which instances of argument structures in the Carneades model can be given a probabilistic semantics by translating them into Bayesian networks. The propagation of argument applicability and statement acceptability can be expressed through conditional probability tables. This translation suggests a way to extend Carneades to improve its utility for decision support in the presence of uncertainty.

Enterprise interoperability has been the subject of much work in recent years. This paper reports on a European research project VISP which investigated various aspects of enterprise interoperability between small ISPs doing business in a virtual cluster. It provides an overview of the work undertaken, discusses the points considered successful and what would be still required to ensure seamless and reliable interoperability between small ISPs undertaking business together in a cluster. A perspective relating the work in VISP to cloud computing concludes the paper.

In this paper we propose a mediated business process modeling approach, where ontology-based information models are used for the semantic modeling of information flow in cross-organizational business processes. Rule-based semantic bridges are applied for the automated mediation between different domain vocabularies used in the organizations' process models. This allows for interchange and interconnection of business process models, as well as for mediation between the abstract business level and the concrete IT level. We implemented the approach as an extension of an existing BPMN modeling tool and evaluate it on the basis of an e-commerce use case.

The application of Semantic Web technologies to service-oriented architectures (SOA) has promised to mitigate the problem of achieving semantic interoperability as the formal definition of semantics paves the way for higher automation in the mediation process between heterogeneous services. Recently, many ontology-based approaches for semantic interoperability have been developed. However, it remains difficult to compare the various approaches because only domain-specific conceptual frameworks for semantic interoperability exist. Moreover, in SOA practice ontology-based approaches are not widely adopted but still XML-based solutions are dominant. This paper targets to fill this gap and presents ongoing work towards a general conceptual framework for semantic interoperability in SOA as a foundation for comparative reflection. Based on the framework selected approaches both academic and industry-driven are compared. Furthermore, an inherent trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness in achieving semantic interoperability is identified and a potential alleviation based on semantic mediation on domain level is outlined.

In this paper we present a conceptual approach that transfers the well established principle of loose coupling from the functional level to the semantic level of information models. Key characteristics of loose coupling in systems engineering are identified in order to map them to the challenge of achieving semantic interoperability between heterogeneous information models in distributed service-oriented environments. A specification of loosely coupled information models is provided and its instantiation by means of ontology-based approaches is discussed.