Publikationen 2009

OASIS Open Document Format ODF 1.0 (ISO/IEC 26300) and Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500) are both open document formats for saving and exchanging word processing documents, spreadsheets and presentations. Both formats are XML based but differ in design and scope. The White Paper "Document Interoperability; Open Document Format and Office Open XML" analyzes how both standards implement the most important document features, and if and how these features can be translated between the two formats. The White Paper targets users of both document formats as well as template designers whose competences cut across the spectrum of XML and XML-related technologies which directly or remotely deal with one or both of the two standards. The Paper will be of great assistance to those seeking to exchange documents between formats, to extract data from or import data into documents, or to write applications supporting the two formats.

Der Einsatz moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien hat in den vergangenen Jahren bereits zu substanziellen Veränderungen in Staat und Verwaltung geführt. Dies wird sich in den kommenden Jahrzehnten fortsetzen. Zunehmend verändern Rechner und Rechnernetze das Regieren und das Verwalten. Anwendungsfelder, Entwicklungstrends und Brennpunkte des E-Government stehen im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrages, in dem auf die besondere Rolle der Wirtschaftsinformatik als Wissenschaft in diesem Forschungsfeld eingegangen werden soll.

OASIS Open Document Format ODF 1.0 (ISO/IEC 26300) und Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500) sind offene Dokumentenformate zum Speichern und Austauschen von Textdokumenten, Tabellenkalkulationen und Präsentationen. Die Formate basieren auf XML, unterscheiden sich aber in Aufbau und Umfang. Das White Paper "Interoperabilität von Dokumentenformaten; Open Document Format und Office Open XML" richtet sich an technische und strategische Entscheidungsträger im öffentlichen Bereich. Über anschauliche praxisorientierte Szenarien und Anwendungsfälle wird analysiert, wie beide Standards die wichtigsten Eigenschaften von Dokumenten umsetzen und beschreiben und ob und wie diese Funktionen aufeinander abgebildet werden können. Es zielt auf Anwender beider Dokumentenformate und auf Template Designer, deren Kompetenzen das Spektrum von XML oder XML verwandten Technologien, welche mittelbar oder unmittelbar in den hier beschriebenen Standards verwendet werden, umfassen. Von großem Wert ist es fürPersonen, die beabsichtigen, in verschiedenen Formaten erstellte Dokumente auszutauschen, Daten zu extrahieren oder zu konvertieren, oder die Anwendungen erstellen wollen, welche beide Formate unterstützen.

This volume is a systematic, expansive presentation of the major achievements in the intersection between two fields of inquiry: Argumentation Theory and Artificial Intelligence. Contributions from international researchers who have helped shape this dynamic area offer a progressive development of intuitions, ideas and techniques, from philosophical backgrounds, to abstract argument systems, to computing arguments, to the appearance of applications producing innovative results. Each chapter features extensive examples to ensure that readers develop the right intuitions before they move from one topic to another. In particular, the book exhibits an overview of key concepts in Argumentation Theory and of formal models of Argumentation in AI. After laying a strong foundation by covering th e fundamentals of argumentation and formal argument modeling, the book expands its focus to more specialized topics, such as algorithmic issues, argumentation in multi-agent systems, and strategic aspects of argumentation. Finally, as a coda, the book explores some practical applications of argumentation in AI and applications of AI in argumentation. Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence is sure to become an essential resource for graduate students and researchers working in Autonomous Agents, AI and Law, Logic in Computer Science, Electronic Governance, and Multi-agent Systems. The book is suitable both as a comprehensive introduction to the field, and also as a highly organized and accessible reference for established researchers.

Wissensmanagement ist für die IT-Umsetzung ent¬schei¬dend, da es sowohl Bremse als auch Katalysator eines verwaltungsebenenübergreifenden One-Stop-Governments sein kann. Ausgehend von den Konzepten des One-Stop-Government, mit denen vor allem eine Bün¬delung von Verwaltungsleistungen aus einer Hand angestrebt wird, muss zu¬nächst geklärt werden, was verwaltungsebenenübergreifend in den föderalen Strukturen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bedeutet. Konzeption und Einführung eines Wissensmanagements stehen vor diesen Rahmenbedingungen vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Am Beispiel von Zuständigkeitsfindern und insbesondere des verzeichnisbasierten Zuständigkeitsfinders lässt sich aufzeigen, welche Konsequenzen und welche Schwierigkeiten sich aus dem Föderalismus deutscher Prägung für ein DLR-W issensmanagement ergeben. Soll ein gemeinsames Wissensmanagement aufgebaut werden, müssen in aller Konsequenz von einer koordinierenden Stelle auch die erforderlichen Komponenten bestimmt und etabliert werden. Eine solche Herausforderung lässt sich nur erfolgreich bewältigen, wenn eine Strategie, zweckmäßige Governance-Strukturen und tragfähige Geschäftsmodelle vorliegen.

According to the European Services Directive, all member states have to support a genuine market in services by simplifying the communication between competent authorities and businesses by 2010. A so called Point of Single Contact (PSC) is supposed to assist in the complete life cycle of a business. At the same time, service providers should be able to do all their interactions electronically. The directive is an interesting move to push the member states towards a more cooperative and process-oriented electronic government. However, along with this directive, the governmental institutions at all levels - from local authorities to federal governments - have to cooperate, at least to interact with each other. Therefore one of the major preconditions to meet the overall objectives of the directive is to achieve interoperability between the competent authorities, and between PSCs and authorities. The Fraunhofer Institute for open communication systems (FOKUS) has been working since 10/2007 on an architectural framework and has built various prototypes to show possible technical configurations to meet the requirements of the EU Services Directive in Germany. The prototypes are not complete production-ready implementations by themselves, but they are useful to discuss further details and to-do's. Current work continues with the incorporation of identity frameworks such as the federID-Open Source Project or the Identity-Metasystem. With these results in mind, we realize that most of all there is a need for the standardization of Identity and Access Management (IAM) on the political, organizational and semantic levels. Technical interoperability between the EU-SD stakeholders is compulsory, not a feature. An appropriate means to achieve that interoperability and to discuss building blocks in an overall architecture is to create reference implementations based on open source software.

Five errors that fit under the category of jumping to a conclusion are identified: (1) arguing from premises that are insufficient as evidence to prove a conclusion (2) fallacious argument from ignorance, (3) arguing to a wrong conclusion, (4) using defeasible reasoning without being open to exceptions, and (5) overlooking/suppressing evidence. It is shown that jumping to a conclusion is best seen not as a fallacy itself, but as a more general category of faulty argumentation pattern underlying these errors and some related fallacies.

Web 2.0-Technologien und ihr Einsatz im öffentlichen Sektor eröffnen vielfältige Möglichkeiten für partizipative und kollaborative Ansätze in Staat und Verwaltung. E-Government-Technologien werden ihren Teil dazu beitragen können, dass sich das bisherige Verständnis von und der Umgang mit Transparenz in Politik und Verwaltung hin zu einer neuartigen Transparenz 2.0 weiter entwickeln wird. Durch die intensivere Einbindung der Bevölkerung und eine offene Informationspolitik wächst das Vertrauen der Bürger in staatliche Institutionen und in die von ihnen gewählten Repräsentanten. US-Präsident Barack Obama hat im Januar 2009 in seinem Memorandum Transparency and Open Government diese Überlegungen aufgegriffen und der Bundesverwaltung damit neue Leitlinien vorgegeben. Transparenz gewinnt aber nicht nur in den USA an Bedeutung. Beispielhafte Umsetzungen und denkbare Einsatzmöglichkeiten aus dem Blickwinkel der Wissenschaft sollen daher helfen, das vorhandene Potential für eine Umsetzung richtig einzuschätzen und bestehende Gestaltungsfelder aufzuzeigen.

Due to the paradigm shift in enterprises that seek to better align their business and IT domains with the help of SOA, the policies, people, and processes used in ensuring that desired behaviours are adhered to in a SOA implementation are gaining immensely in importance. A number of SOA Governance solutions exist on the market today but none of them significantly harness the power of increasingly significant semantic technology. In the long run, the available tools on the market used in supporting SOA Governance will undoubtedly have to support semantic technologies to remain relevant and competitive as compatibility with the semantic web is fast becoming a basic prerequisite of web based solutions. This thesis starts by portraying the use of Tools for SOA Governance by contrasting leadi ng SOA Governance vendor solutions against the backdrop of semantic extensibility. It then goes on to evaluate the possibilities of syntactic versioning in SOA Governance tools and explore the possibilities of incorporating semantic technology as a means of making SOA Governance in general - and versioning in particular - more efficient. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if semantic technology can be realistically incorporated as a means of optimizing SOA Governance. The evaluation was carried out by practically re-enacting a SOA Governance scenario. It began by running through the steps of the classical approach of enforcing a versioning policy then changing the environment to include semantic components which utilize ontology repositories that help map semantically similar ontologies to each other. The two approaches were then juxtaposed and evaluated. The thesis shows that semantic matchmaking is a technique which under optimal conditions- brings many advantages with it and can improve productivity. Despite few shortcomings, the evaluation shows that overall: the advantages of using semantic technology for versioning outweigh the status quo.

Mit der Einrichtung Einheitlicher Ansprechpartner sollen die Mitgliedsstaaten bis Ende 2009 sicherstellen, dass Dienstleistungserbringer alle Verfahren und Formalitäten rund um die Aufnahme und die Ausübung von Dienstleistungstätigkeiten über eine einzige Anlaufstelle abwickeln können. Diese sollen Dienstleistungserbringer bei der Dienstleistungserbringung in einem anderen Mitgliedsstaat unterstützen, indem sie Grundinformationen verständlich aufbereiten, mit der Entgegennahme und Weiterleitung der Verfahrenskorrespondenz Koordinationsaufgaben übernehmen und Änderungsmitteilungen und genehmigungsrelevante Pflichtmeldungen entgegen nehmen. Mit dem Boten, dem Berater, dem Lotsen, dem Mittler, dem Verfahrensmanager und der Superbehörde existieren sechs Typen eines Einheitlichen Ansprechpartners. Die Vorstellungen der Verantwortlichen für eine Umsetzung divergieren jedoch erheblich, so dass eine genaue Betrachtung der Ansätze für Abwägungen und Umsetzungen erforderlich erscheint.

Many new requirements for the public sector arise from the change of the society and the Age of Knowledge. Globalisation leads administrations to become more interoperable, irrespective of national borders. To meet these requirements, administrations and IT systems need to become more efficient. One of the main principles in software engineering is reusability. This can be applied on all levels. There is still a lot of potential at the content level. The idea of reusing content is not new but especially in federal structures where central solutions are nearly impossible this is a great challenge. The document describes an approach that allows information to be collected in a decentralised way and makes it available in an interdisciplinary manner and across regional borders. Core Director ies will be designed and used as an infrastructural component to make them accessible for multiple applications. In order to share information, data interoperability standards are needed.

SWEB is an EU international cooperation project that aims to develop a secure, interoperable, open and affordable government platform upon which secure crossborder mobile government services can be built. To ensure interoperability the SWEB platform is designed according to SOA concepts and implemented with Web services.

As knowledge representation tools become more sophisticated, and computer systems increase in power and ubiquity, the prospects of building practical applications based on the representation of large amounts of legislation draw closer. In this paper we reflect on our experience with developing a knowledge representation language for legal rules and an inference engine for this language in the Estrella project, in order to reconsider the principles which should guide the representation of legislation. One common demand, based largely on software engineering considerations relating to maintenance, verification and validation, is that representations should be isomorphic to their sources. We explore this notion by representing a fragment of German Family Law using our tools. We show t hat there are several different ways of representing even this small and simple fragment of law in an isomorphic fashion. Moreover these differences matter, in terms of where the burden of proof is allocated, in terms of the explanations produced, and in terms of the operational procedures that are reflected.

Legal reasoning typically requires a variety of argumentation schemes to be used together. A legal case may raise issues requiring argument from precedent cases, rules, policy goals, moral principles, jurisprudential doctrine, social values and evidence. We present an extensible software architecture which allows diverse computational models of argumentation schemes to be used together in an integrated way to construct and search for arguments. The architecture has been implemented in Carneades, a software library for building argumentation tools. The architecture is illustrated with models of schemes for argument from ontologies, rules, cases and testimonial evidence and compared to blackboard systems for hybrid reasoning.

Most legal tasks involve document preparation and review. Drafting effective texts is central to lawyering, judging, legislating, and regulating. How best to support that work with intelligent tools is an ancient topic in AI-and-Law research. For those tools to work, they must have good quality knowledge content to work with. Many alternative theories and techniques for modeling documents have been developed for particular kinds of situations. This article sketches a basic general theory of legal document modeling, with a focus on the key role of argumentation.