FOKUS Publikationen 2008

Interoperability and security are considered to be the most important ICT European policy objectives. They are directly addressed in this paper, which describes an innovative architecture designed to build a public administration platform accessible from different countries. Options for the interoperable and secure electronic mobile exchange of public sector documents among and between EU and non-EU regions are outlined. The initial implementation results of this secure, interoperable, open and affordable platform architecture upon which cross border government services are built will be presented. The implementation described is carried out within the EU IST international cooperation project SWEB (Secure, interoperable cross border m-services contributing towards a trustful European cooperation with the non-EU member Western Balkan countries).

Mit der bis 2009 in nationales Recht umzusetzenden EU-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie (DLR) soll der Zugang zum Europäischen Dienstleistungsmarkt vereinfacht, bestehende bürokratische Hindernisse abgebaut und die grenzüberschreitende Erbringung von Dienstleistungen in Europa gefördert werden. Das White Paper vom Fraunhofer-Institut für Offene Kommunikationssysteme FOKUS entwirft eine technische Architektur zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive und über nationale Grenzen hinweg. Ganz bewusst wird diese Architektur in eine anspruchsvolle Vision eingebettet, die sich nicht an den Minimalanforderungen einer 1:1-Umsetzung orientiert, sondern diese als Katalysator für ein echtes verwaltungsebenenübergreifendes One-Stop-Government mit vielfältigen Entwicklungspotentialen auffasst.

Der Fachausschuss Verwaltungsinformatik des Fachbereichs Informatik in Recht und Verwaltung der Gesellschaft für Informatik nimmt mit diesem Memorandum zur EU-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie erstmals Stellung: Die konsequente Umsetzung der Richtlinie mit modernen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien trägt zu einer nachhaltigen Verwaltungsmodernisierung bei. Die Potentiale und die gleichzeitige Komplexität des Vorhabens legen es nahe, dass sich die Verwaltung abgestimmt und strategisch mit der Umsetzung auseinander setzt. Dazu werden im Memorandum Visionen vorgestellt (Kapitel 2), eine Architektur skizziert (Kapitel 4), Schwerpunkte einer IT-Umsetzung aufgezeigt (Kapitel 5), Herausforderungen dargestellt (Kapitel 6), der multidisziplinäre Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt (Kapitel 7) und Lösun gs- und Handlungsvorschläge präsentiert (Kapitel 8). Dieses Memorandum ist als Beitrag zur Blaupause des Deutschland-Online-Vorhabens IT-Umsetzung der EU-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie gedacht, die der Bundeskanzlerin und den Ministerpräsidenten vorgelegt werden soll.

Mit der EU-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie soll der Zugang zum Dienstleistungsmarkt in der Europäischen Union vereinfacht werden. Sie soll zum Abbau bürokratischer Hindernisse für Dienstleistungserbringer beitragen und die grenzüberschreitende Erbringung von Dienstleistungen fördern. Die Richtlinie ist bis Dezember 2009 in nationales Recht zu überführen und von den zuständigen Behörden umzusetzen. Für die deutsche Verwaltung ergeben sich daraus grundlegende neue Anforderungen.

Premium quality and innovation are the cornerstones of the leading positions of car manufacturers and suppliers in the world market. The permanently increasing complexity of in-car electronics and the rapidly growing amount of automotive software running on embedded electronic control units, places higher demands on quality assurance for the future. Quality cannot be implemented into software on embedded control units after their development. Methods for defects detection have to be constituted to automatically stop development to fix a problem before the defect continues downstream. In addition preventive actions have to be taken in respect of front-loading quality and reliability. An automatic and tool independent check of custom development rules, quality standards and enterprise wide g uidelines can support the quality assurance process in the development of automotive control software. In the domain of automotive software engineering there is a lack of automated checking for standard conformance. Especially, a formal and tool independent notation of rules to follow is missing. In this chapter, the model-based design of automotive vehicle functions is taken as an example to show how textual rules describing development standards to be met can be transformed into a formal notation using the open standards Meta Object Facility and Object Constraint Language. Thereafter these rules can be checked automatically. The feasibility of this approach is shown by a software demonstrator.

The IT implementation of the EUs Services Directive contributes to the goal of creating the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economic region in the world by the year 2009. This paper will present the concept of points of single contact, cover topics such as the vision for these points in relation to the EU Services Directive, an analysis of necessary requirements for an architectural framework that takes into consideration the specific e-Government background of Romania.

Modernizing public administration is the basis for implementation of the EU directive, and in order to ensure this successfully, collaborative procedures between administrative institutions and countries must be put in place and further developed. This paper will present some technical design options for an architectural framework of the Point of Single Contact imposed by EU Services Directive that takes into consideration the specific e-Government background of Romania.

Next Generation Network (NGN) research initially focused on access network convergence by harmonizing the session control plane and giving birth to the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Shortly after, the focus shifted towards the NGN service plane generating versatile Service Delivery Platforms, predominantly designed following Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles. Current investigations of NGN Management mechanisms are highlighting the benefits of SOA principles also for the NGN management domain. Future Internet research investigates approaches that strive to improve the shortcomings of the current Internet. In this context evolutionary as well as revolutionary approaches regarding the network and the application layer of the Internet are being developed and evaluated. Federate d and highly modular experimental facilities accelerate and facilitate NGN research and also provide the basis for empirical Future Internet research. Such facilities shall not be static. Rather, they must evolve and adapt to the demands of industry and academia. This article shows how SOA-based NGN Service Delivery Platform mechanisms and NGN management mechanisms are being exploited for federating distributed heterogeneous testbeds to assist communication and network research for todays and tomorrows networks.

SOA principles have been used in telecommunications domains for many years. Today, Web Services-based APIs including emerging Web 2.0 interfaces represent the state-of-the-art in SOA-based telecommunications, which are going to be integrated with the emerging 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem and ETSI TISPAN NGN architecture. In this report we describe mechanisms of a service architecture on top of telecommunications networks based on SOA principles with special emphasis on service exposure and discovery and the possibility to compose complex services from basic service enablers for a growing open service market as it is currently implemented at the Open SOA Telco Playground at Fraunhofer FOKUS

Network Measurements play an essential role in operating and developing todays Internet. A variety of measurement applications demand for multipoint network measurements, e.g. service providers need to validate their delay guarantees from Service Level Agreements and network engineers have incentives to track where packets are changed, reordered, lost or delayed. Multipoint measurements create an immense amount of measurement data which demands for high resource measurement infrastructure. Data selection techniques, like sampling and filtering, provide efficient solutions for reducing resource consumption while still maintaining sufficient information about the metrics of interest. But not all selection techniques are suitable for multipoint measurements; only deterministic filtering allows a synchronized selection of packets at multiple observation points. Nevertheless a filter bases its selection decision on the packet content and hence is suspect to bias, i.e. the selected subset is not representative for the whole population. Hash-based selection is a filtering method that tries to emulate random selection in order to obtain a representative sample for accurate estimations of traffic characteristics. The subject of the thesis is to assess which hash function and which packet content should be used for hash-based selection to obtain a seemingly random and unbiased selection of packets. This thesis empirically analyzes 25 hash functions and different packet content combinations on their suitability for hash-based selection. Experiments are based on a collection of 7 real traffic groups from different networks.

Ubiquitous deployment of wireless networks based on IEEE 802.11 and the continuously raising quality of service (QoS) requirements of applications motivate an extensive evaluation of current and future MAC protocols for WLANs. After a detailed description of the MAC layer provided by the IEEE 802.11 standard including the enhancements introduced by IEEE 802.11e, this thesis investigates throughput and medium utilization as well as the fairness behavior of several medium access methods. Analysis and measurements confirm that legacy distributed coordination function (DCF) generates much protocol overhead due to the support of a potentially large amount of stations. Furthermore the calculations show that the 802.11e enhancements provide efficient mechanisms to reduce this overhead and to in crease throughput and medium utilization. Moreover, this thesis concludes that the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) provides a first remedy towards achieving the QoS demands of todays applications. Although to realize a higher efficiency and future requirements a centralized MAC protocol with an efficient scheduler is needed.

Substantial changes will take place in the public sector in all EU member states due to the EU Services Directive which must be implemented in national law by December 2009. The Points of Single Contact are particularly important in this context, because they will make contact with public administration considerably easier. There are various design options available for setting up points of single contact. They will become apparent when the requirements and architectural models needed to realise this project are confirmed. This working paper brings the initial research findings of the two projects as of February 2008 together, presenting design options, requirements and architectural considerations for setting up points of single contact as envisaged by the Fraunhofer Institute FOKUS in Berlin (Germany).

Durch die bis Dezember 2009 in nationales Recht zu überführende EU-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie werden erhebliche Veränderungen auf die öffentliche Verwaltung in allen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten zukommen. Einen besonderen Stellenwert nehmen in diesem Zusammenhang die einheitlichen Ansprechpartner ein, durch die sich der Zugang zur Verwaltung erheblich vereinfachen soll. Zur Einrichtung einheitlicher Ansprechpartner bestehen verschiedene Gestaltungsoptionen. Von diesen leiten sich Anforderungen und Architekturmodelle für eine Realisierung ab. Dieses Arbeitspapier (Working Paper) fasst mit Stand Mitte Februar 2008 die erstenForschungsergebnisse zweier Projekte zusammen, wie sich das Fraunhofer-Institut FOKUS in Berlin die Gestaltungsoptionen, die Anforderungen, die Architekturüberlegungen und Szenarien zum Ansatz eines Einheitlichen Ansprechpartners vorstellt.

Zuständigkeitsfinder (ZF) informieren Bürger und Unternehmen über die sachlichen und örtlichen Zuständigkeiten der Verwaltung. Grundsätzlich existieren verschiedene technische Optionen für Zuständigkeitsfinder. Diese technischen Lösungsansätze basieren wahlweise auf Verzeichnissen, CMS-Systemen, Wiki-Technologien, Suchmaschinentechnologie oder funktionieren als reiner Vermittlungsdienst.

The dynamically changing nature of distributed service environments requires a computing model in which services modify their behavior in order to adapt to changes and fulfill new requirements in the environment. This paper describes design and implementation of the Autonomic Communication Element (ACE) component model with main focus on service adaptability. Autonomic Communication Element (ACE) is a component model developed to support the creation of autonomic communication services which are capable of adapting their behavior according to changes in the context in which they are executing and from which they are requested. In this paper we present our approach for service adaptability and illustrate this on the example of an ACE.

Software developments of large scale systems require well organized process structures for a proper and smooth execution. A number of frameworks already exist for outlining and defining processes and their workflows and work break down structures. The different activities which compose these processes need to be executed in an organized fashion, each activity having work products as inputs and outputs. In that sense the individual activities can be considered as services which need to be executed. Considering the whole development life cycle of software development of complex systems there are lots of services which have to be called in an orchestrated way to successfully create a software system in the end. This paper describes a novel integration of a process definition framework, whic h is used to define and to enact development processes, an orchestration tool, which allows the definition and execution of service compositions, and ModelBus, a service oriented middleware connecting model-based development tools and the services they offer. This integration provides major benefits in particular for medium-sized and large-sized development teams. The paper describes the general architecture of the solution as well as the individual benefits.

Current discussions on the next generation internet are talking about a "clean slate design"; which can be found in many proposals. This is comprehensible because of countless new IETF standards trying to fix particular problems. One issue is caused by end-to-end protocols especially in heterogeneous technologies as such WLAN. In this paper we present a converging solution for end-to-end protocol behaviour by putting functional protocol elements into routers and activating them on demand.

This paper addresses a business scenario based on so- called tradable micro-services which is intended to explain the dynamics of a market to which actors contribute both as consumers and providers of telecommunication and Web based services. We argue that a service evolution is possible with leads to services which are optimally adapted to the needs and objectives of various virtual communities. Furthermore, we discuss mechanisms of mutual economic and social dependence of tradable micro-services and the associated communities.

The scope of this paper is to introduce an innovative paradigm for cognitive self-managed elements of the Future Internet. The present Internet model is based on clear separation of concerns between protocol layers, with intelligence moved to the edges, and with the existent protocol pool targeting user and control plane operations with less emphasis on management tasks. Future Internet shall be engineered based on cognitive behavior with a high degree of autonomy, by proposing the operation of selfmanaged Future Internet elements around a novel hierarchical feedback-control cycle. The concepts are based on a hierarchical Distributed Cognitive cycle for System & Network Management (DC-SNM) which aims at facilitating the promotion of distributed management. The management approach encompass es a hierarchical distribution of cognitive cycles, breaking down the execution and decision making levels to (autonomic) network elements, network domain types and up to the service provider realm in order to address management, dynamic organization and (re)configuration of future internet elements.

This paper describes how next generation network and IP multimedia subsystem services provided by Telco networks as well as testbeds and testbed federations can be used in a modular fashion to compose high level multimedia services. The IP multimedia subsystem, specified by the 3rd generation partnership projects (3GPP and 3GPP2), was developed to address next generation network convergence challenges and end-user requirements. As an all-IP overlay network architecture, it aims at providing a platform for provisioning services in a secure and controllable manner, merging the paradigms and technologies of the Internet with the cellular and fixed telecommunication worlds and was also adopted for the Next generation network architecture of ETSI TISPAN. In this paper we will outline the requirements on service description, service discovery and service orchestration in next generation networks and distributed testbed environments. We will further describe how to make use of service building blocks to expose network functionalities towards higher service abstraction layers. We will finally display our findings in the light of the Open SOA Telco Playground, one of the Fraunhofer FOKUS testbeds that represents today a first approach to the practical implementation of the ideas described.

This document describes a generic approach on how to federate networking domains . Network federation is a model for the establishment of a largescale and diverse infrastructure for communication technologies, services and applications. A federation of network environments can generally be seen as an interconnection of two or more independent network domains for the creation of a richer environment and for the increased multilateral benefits of the users of the individual domains. This paper discusses testbed federation as a concrete example for network domain federation and outlines a technical architecture framework as the result from the IST FP6 Panlab Specific Support Action.

This document describes a generic approach on how to federate networking domains . Network federation is a model for the establishment of a largescale and diverse infrastructure for communication technologies, services and applications. A federation of network environments can generally be seen as an interconnection of two or more independent network domains for the creation of a richer environment and for the increased multilateral benefits of the users of the individual domains. This paper discusses testbed federation as a concrete example for network domain federation and outlines a technical architecture framework as the result from the IST FP6 Panlab Specific Support Action.

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is a vision based on which the European Commission funds research activities in the field of information technologies. The vision aims at the seamless delivery of services and applications to the user in an intelligent, effective and transparent way that is easy to understand and use. The implications of the ambient intelligence vision demand for new software architectures and for the development of new hardware devices. The public sector has the potential to develop a critical mass of first users for the AmI technology. By deploying AmI technologies in eGovernment, eHealth and eLearning substantial improvement in costs but also in quality can be introduced. But several challenges prevent the usage of AmI technologies in public services like the lethargy of public institutions to deploy new systems and the consolidation of public spending.

Development of large scale software systems requires well organized process structures for a fast, fault tolerant and cost-effective execution. A number of frameworks exist which assist developers in outlining and formalizing processes, their workflows and work breakdown structures. The different activities which compose these processes need to be executed in an organized fashion. Each activity relies on certain development artifacts as inputs and in turn provides others as outputs. In this sense the individual activities involved in a development process can be thought of as services. Considering the typical scale of the development life-cycle for a complex piece of software, there are usually lots of services to be called in an orchestrated way to create a high-quality product in the end . This talk presents ModelBus, a novel integration framework, consisting of a service-oriented middleware platform connecting arbitrary, model-based development tools, an orchestration tool allowing the definition and execution of service compositions and a management tool used to model and enact whole development processes. Its core objective is to introduce automation to software development processes on a large scale, ultimately resulting in an increase of productivity.

Hohe Qualitätsansprüche an Eingebettete Systeme, die gestiegene Komplexität und der rapide zunehmende Anteil an Interaktionen zwischen den einzelnen Subsystemen führen zu hohen Anforderungen an die Entwurfsmethoden und an die Entwicklungswerkzeuge. Die Beherrschung zukünftiger Systemkomplexität bei hohen Qualitätsanforderungen einerseits und die geforderte Innovation bei stetiger Kostenreduktion andererseits, sind die zentralen Herausforderungen für Hersteller und deren Zulieferer.